國際運輸
租船訂艙的簡單程序
A、運輸
1、進出口公司委托外運公司辦理托運手續(xù)，填寫托運單（shipping note），亦稱“訂艙委托書”遞送外運公司作為訂艙依據(jù)。
2、外運公司收到托運單后，審核托運單，確定裝運船船舶后，將托運單的配艙回單退回，并將全套裝貨單（shipping order）交給進出口公司填寫，然后由外運公司代表進出口公司作為托運人向外輪代理公司辦同物托運手續(xù)。
3、貨物經(jīng)海關(guān)查驗放行后，即由船長或大副簽收“收貨單”（又稱大副收據(jù)，matereceipt）。收貨單的船公司簽發(fā)給托運人的表明貨物已裝妥的臨時收據(jù)。托運人憑收貨單向外輪代理公司交付運費并換取正式提單。
B、報關(guān)
報關(guān)是指進出口貨物裝船出運前，向海關(guān)申報的手續(xù)。按照我國海關(guān)法規(guī)定：凡是進出國境的貨物，必須經(jīng)由設(shè)有海關(guān)的港口、車站、國際航空站出，并由貨物所有人向海關(guān)申報，經(jīng)過海關(guān)放行后，貨物才可提取或者裝船出口。
當(dāng)前，我國的進出口公司在辦理報關(guān)時，必須填寫出口貨物報關(guān)單，必要時還需提供出口合同副本、發(fā)票、裝箱單或重量單，商品檢驗證書及其他有關(guān)證件，向海關(guān)申報出口。
C、投保
凡是按C.I.F.價格成交的出口合同，賣方在裝船前，須及時中國人民保險公司辦理投保手續(xù)，填制投保單。出口商品的投保的續(xù)一般都是逐筆辦理的。投保人在投保時應(yīng)將貨物名稱、保額、運輸路線、運輸工具、開航日期、投保險別等一一列明。由于我進出口公司同中國人民保險公司的業(yè)務(wù)量較大，為簡化手續(xù)，一般不真寫投保單，而是利用出口貨物明細單或貨物出運分析單等替代投保單，保險公司接受投保，簽發(fā)保險單或保險憑證。
從以上出口合同履行的環(huán)節(jié)可以看出，在出口合同履行過程中，貨、證、船的銜接是一項極其細致而復(fù)雜的工作。
nternational Transportation
Simple Procedures for Chartering and Booking Freight
A. Shipping
1. An import/export company entrusts a shipping company to handle the consignment procedures and fills out a shipping note (also known as a "booking letter") to be submitted to the shipping company as a basis for booking.
2. After receiving the shipping note, the shipping company reviews it, determines the shipping vessel, and returns the booking confirmation to the consignor. The shipping company then provides the full set of shipping orders to the import/export company for completion, and acts as the consignor's representative to handle the joint transport procedures with the shipping agent.
3. After the goods have been inspected and released by customs, the captain or first mate signs the "goods receipt" (also known as a mate's receipt). The shipping company issues a temporary receipt to the consignor, indicating that the goods have been properly loaded. The consignor then presents the goods receipt to the shipping agent, pays the freight charges, and obtains the official bill of lading.
B. Customs Declaration
Customs declaration refers to the procedures for declaring import/export goods to customs before shipment. According to China's customs regulations, all goods entering or leaving the country must pass through ports, stations, or international airports with customs facilities and be declared to customs by the owner of the goods. After customs clearance, the goods can be collected or shipped for export.
Currently, when Chinese import/export companies handle customs declarations, they must complete an export declaration form, and provide a copy of the export contract, invoice, packing list or weight list, inspection certificate and other relevant documents to declare exports to customs.
C. Insurance
For export contracts based on C.I.F. price, the seller must promptly complete the insurance procedures with the People's Insurance Company of China and fill out the insurance application form before shipment. The insurance policy for export goods is generally handled on a case-by-case basis. The applicant should specify the name of the goods, insured amount, transportation route, transportation mode, sailing date, and insurance type when applying for insurance. Due to the large volume of business between Chinese import/export companies and the People's Insurance Company of China, the insurance application form is generally not completed, and instead the export goods list or shipment analysis form is used as a substitute for the insurance application form. The insurance company accepts the application and issues the insurance policy or certificate.
From the above stages of fulfilling export contracts, it can be seen that the connection between goods, documents, and ships is an extremely detailed and complex task.
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